Constructivism
I remember during my teaching program I was in a science class and my teacher had Ziploc bags, bowl with ice cubs, chocolate milk, sugar, vanilla extract, ice cream salt and a timer. I looked down and had no idea what everything was for because I had never made homemade ice cream. My other classmates immediately knew what was happening but honestly I had no idea. I only got the hint from the ice cream salt. I knew what ice cream was due to enjoying it many times but beyond grabbing it from the freezer section at the grocery store to take home and enjoy, I had no other knowledge of the process of making it. I got to use the little prior knowledge that I had of ice cream and build upon it by actively learning how to make ice cream through interacting with my classmates that had done this before and going through the process myself. This collaborate learning experience made me remember it more than if I had just read the instructions and not had the materials or knowledgeable classmates.
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Constructivism is a learning theory that focuses on the way learners learn content with an emphasis on how the learner processes the information which includes accessing prior knowledge and making connections to previous experiences. Learners are active participants that will construct their own understanding through old and new experiences.
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Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980)
The first theorist in constructivism, Jean Piaget believed that learning happens through experiences and that the learner can build upon their prior knowledge by adjusting what they already know through accommodation and assimilation. He focused on how children learn through cognitive stages.
Lev Vygotsky (1896 - 1934)
Lev Vygotsky believed that social interactions played a key role in learning and that learners can be assisted in the learning process by a More Knowledgeable Other such as a teacher through The Zone of Proximal Development. Learning can be gained from a fellow knowledgeable classmate as well.
John Dewey (1859 - 1952)
John Dewey believed that learners learned best through being active participants and looking at every possibility until they reached their conclusion. He believed that the student's real life should be taken into account and connected to what they are learning in school to form stronger connections.

Different Types of Constructivism
Cognitive constructivism focuses on how learners construct their knowledge through putting new information into the knowledge they already have and adjust their mental concept to fit the new knowledge they have learned.
Implications of Constructivism in Instructional Design

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Using simulations where learners can get some real-world examples to use when problem solving.
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Having guided questions or prompts to support the learner and as they work towards mastery they are removed.
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Prior knowledge assessments to see where learners are at the beginning and having check points embedded to see how the learner is progressing.
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Self-assessments throughout to encourage learners to reflect on their learning process.
Constructivism in the Government/Military
Strengths
Limitations
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Training that focuses on real-world scenarios that require critical thinking to solve problems that may be faced in the battlefield.
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Group-based learning where collaboration is encouraged among team members to build trust.
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Learning can be personalized based on what the service member has already mastered and what they need to focus on.
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Military trainings are often fast paced and soldiers may not have the time available to go through concepts more than once, may be expected to move quickly through the material.
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Some soldiers that are just starting their military career may not have the prior knowledge to build upon, will require direct instructions that are broken down.

References
Applying social constructivism to instructional design. (n.d.).
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Bates, A. (2022a, August 18). 2.5 Constructivism. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/teachinginadigitalagev3m/chapter/section-3-4-constructivism/
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Bates, A. (2022b, August 18). 4.4 Online collaborative learning. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/teachinginadigitalagev3m/chapter/6-5-online-collaborative-learning/
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Constructivism. (n.d.). https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/umuc/tgs/ldtc/ldtc600/2252/unit-4/Constructivism.html?ou=1279899
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EdTech Books. (n.d.). https://open.byu.edu/education_research/constructivismy
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John Dewey. (2023, August 9). Biography. https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-dewey
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Magazine, P., & Magazine, P. (2024, March 17). Lev Vygotsky and his contribution to psychology. Psychologs Magazine | Mental Health
Magazine | Psychology Magazine | Self-Help Magazine. https://www.psychologs.com/lev-vygotsky-and-his-contribution-to-psychology/
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Jean Piaget | Biography, Theory, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Piaget